Indian IT industry

In 1981, the Indian government established the first Software Technology Park in Bangalore, offering tax exemptions and satellite uplinks to attract foreign technology firms.1 The country had a surplus of English-speaking engineering graduates, low labor costs, and a twelve-hour time difference from the United States that allowed round-the-clock operations. The combination proved commercially powerful.

Texas Instruments opened a development center in Bangalore in 1985, becoming one of the earliest multinational firms to establish operations there.2 Infosys, founded in Pune in 1981 with $250 in capital, grew into one of the world's largest IT services companies. Tata Consultancy Services, Wipro, and HCL Technologies followed similar trajectories. India's economic liberalization in 1991, which dismantled licensing restrictions and opened the economy to foreign investment, accelerated the sector's growth.3

By the fiscal year ending 2020, India exported approximately $150 billion in IT and business services.5 The Y2K crisis of the late 1990s had been the inflection point. Companies around the world needed programmers to update legacy computer systems before the year 2000, and Indian firms had the skilled labor force to do it at a fraction of Western costs.4 The work established India as a credible outsourcing destination, and the relationships formed during the Y2K rush continued long after the crisis passed.

By 2023, India's IT and business process management sector employed roughly 5.4 million people directly.5 Bangalore, now called Bengaluru, houses the offices of Google, Amazon, Microsoft, and hundreds of startups. The industry accounts for roughly 7.5 percent of India's GDP. Critics point out that the sector serves predominantly foreign clients, that its benefits are concentrated in a handful of cities, and that the grueling work culture has produced its own vocabulary of distress, including moonlighting controversies and mass layoff cycles.6